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The isolates were also tested for ��-glutamyl transpeptidase production. The results were analysed with respect to the clinical characteristics of the patients, and the multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) and serum resistance of the isolates. [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-32765.html PCI-32765 concentration] LOS locus classes?A, B, and C, which carry genes for sialylation of LOS, were detected in only 23% of the isolates. These isolates were not more resistant to human serum than those with the genes of non-sialylated LOS locus classes, but were significantly more prevalent among patients with underlying diseases (p?0.02). The fucose permease gene fucP was quite uncommon, but was associated with the isolates with the potential to sialylate LOS (p?[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide Thalidomide] patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis. These cells were positive for cytokeratin, which was sometimes coexpressed with rotavirus antigen, in our immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, in nested RT-PCR experiments, we detected rotavirus double-stranded RNA in some urine samples of patients with rotavirus gastroenteritis. We concluded that rotavirus could lead to infection of the urinary sediment cells concomitantly with rotavirus gastroenteritis. Rotavirus (RV) is one of the most common pathogens causing gastroenteritis in young children [1,2]. Acute pre-renal failure following RV-induced dehydration results in high mortality rates in developing countries [1,2]. Recently, some patients with RV gastroenteritis were reported to manifest not only acute pre-renal [http://www.selleckchem.com/PARP.html FDA approval PARP inhibitor] failure, but also other complications, such as encephalitis, hepatitis, and viraemia [3�C5]. However, to date, the role of RV in the development of extra-gastrointestinal infection has not been fully understood [5]. In a case report of fatal RV infection, viral RNA and RV non-structural proteins were detected in several tissues, including the heart, central nervous system, and kidney [6]. However, RV antigen and/or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) were not detected in tissues, except for the gastrointestinal tract, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and sputum, of patients with RV gastroenteritis [1,2,7]. In this study, we investigated whether RV infects urinary sediment cells in patients with RV gastroenteritis.