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The blot was rinsed with TBST and developed with the enhanced chemiluminescence immunoblotting detection system (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL, USA). ��-Tubulin was used as a loading control. Isolated rat cardiomyocytes were homogenized (?20 mg wet weight) in 200 ��l ice-cold STE buffer (0.3 m sucrose, 10 mm Tris�CHCl, pH 8.0, and 1 mm EDTA) using a Kontes dual 21 tight-fitting glass homogenizer. Complete homogenization requires about 15 strokes of the homogenizer. [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html Alectinib clinical trial] Following homogenization and one cycle of freeze�Cthaw (15 min, ?80��C), protein concentrations in the homogenate were determined by the bicinchonimic acid method, using a kit from Sigma Chemicals (catalogue no. BCA1-1KT). The homogenates were stored at ?80��C. Specific activities of mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV and V and citrate synthase were measured as described previously (Marin-Garcia et [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPX4 GPX4] al. 2000). Briefly, complex I and III activities were assessed by measuring the reduction of cytochrome c (at 550 nm) by NADH, using specific inhibitors rotenone and antimycin-A. Complex II activity was measured (at 600 nm) by reduction of ubiquinol-2 and dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) by succinate. Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) activity was assessed by measuring the oxidation of dithionite reduced cytochrome c at 550 nm. Complex V (oligomycin-sensitive ATP synthase) activity was assayed by measuring (at 340 nm) NADH oxidation in a coupled enzyme assay with pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Citrate synthase was assayed at 412 nm by reaction of sodium oxaloacetate, acetyl-coenzyme A and 5,5��-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic) acid. Determinations of the lipid peroxidation product malonyldialdehyde (MDA) were carried [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html this website] out in homogenates with a thiobarbituric acid assay using a Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) assay kit (Oxitek; Zeptometrix Corp., Buffalo, NY, USA). Cardiomyocytes were isolated and homogenates made from young and old control and young and old HIF-induced groups. Cardiomyocyte homogenates were incubated at 95��C for 1 h with tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen phosphate buffer in the presence of SDS. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature for 10 min, and absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 532 nm (Hytachi U-2000), using MDA standards provided with the assay kit. The graph of nanomoles of MDA and absorbance at 532 nm was plotted to calculate the MDA concentration in the homogenates. A repeated measures (cells and drug treatment) ANOVA was used to compare functional variables measured in the experiment. Analysis was conducted using the general linear model (PROC GLM) from the SAS Institute (Cary, NC, USA). Parameters were considered independent, and animals (n= 6) were used as the error term. Further analysis was conducted when differences were observed.