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According to the model statistics reported in the Supplementary Materials (Supplementary Table S3 online), the models could not reliably distinguish samples by timepoint in models where AP status was considered separately. Accordingly, a third [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Decitabine.html Decitabine research buy] PLS-DA analysis was performed in which samples were pooled regardless of AP status (Figure 1). These models were statistically significant (P[http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-98059.html PD98059 research buy] Table 3). Figure 1 Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) scores plots (left) and loadings plots (right) for pre-and post-ERCP serum and urine obtained from all subjects, regardless of acute pancreatitis (AP) status. ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. ... Figure 2 Heatmap of scaled mean concentrations of serum (left) and urine (right) VIP metabolites identified via the PLS-DA model shown in Figure 1. Heatmap of scaled mean concentrations of serum (a) and urine (b) variable importance of projection (VIP) metabolites ... Table 3 Mean concentrations [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_synthase Tryptophan synthase] of metabolites that distinguish pre-ERCP and post-ERCP timepoints, regardless of AP status Diagnostic markers of ERCP-induced pancreatitis Patients who developed AP had significantly higher levels of amylase (P=0.006) and lipase (P=0.004) after ERCP than those who did not (Table 2 and Figure 3). This is in accord with the use of amylase and lipase levels to diagnose pancreatitis as stated in the Methods. Urine and serum PLS-DA models of samples taken after ERCP could not reliably differentiate those who developed AP from those who did not at the post-ERCP timepoint, though these models had somewhat better statistical indicators than the pre-ERCP models (Supplementary Table S3 online). However, when daily samples collected from patients hospitalized with AP were included in the models, they were able to reliably distinguish patients who developed AP from those who did not develop AP in both urine and serum (Figure 4). Notably, the PLS loadings indicate that serum hypoxanthine and urine 1-methylnicotinamide, both markers of oxidative stress, are elevated in the samples from patients with AP (P=9.4 �� 10?4 and 5.7 �� 10?4, respectively). Figure 3 Blood amylase and lipase levels are shown at pre-ERCP levels (top) and post-ERCP levels (bottom). ERCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.