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, Danbury, CT, USA). Spoligotyping was carried out on the genomic DNA using a membrane with 43 covalently bound oligonucleotides and PCR was achieved using primers designated DRa and DRb, with DRa biotinylated 5�� to amplify the whole DR region as described previously [7�C9]. Spoligotypes in binary format were converted to an octal code for comparison with the SITVIT2 proprietary database of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe, Phosphoprotein phosphatase which is an updated version of the previously released SpolDB4 database [10]. At the time of the analyses, SITVIT2 contained genotyping information on about 65?000?M.?tuberculosis clinical isolates from 160 countries of origin. Major phylogenetic clades were assigned according to signatures provided in SpolDB4, which defined 62 genetic lineages and sub-lineages for various M.?tuberculosis complex members [10]. Based on the spoligotyping results and clade definitions, the isolates typed were also linked to the ancestral Principal Genetic Group 1 (PGG1), or evolutionary younger PGG2/3 groups of M.?tuberculosis complex [10�C14]. Statistical computations with chi-square test, t-test and multiple logistic regression were carried out in R (R Development Core Team, 2010; http://www.R-project.org). There were a large number of strata for both origin of the patients and genotypes in the logistic regression; therefore, the results from patients born in Europe (including Sweden) and South America were merged and used as a single reference for origin, because the patients had similarities in presentation of the disease and distribution of genotypes. The unclassified genotypes Bafilomycin A1 manufacturer and clades with find more South America (2%, Table?2). Among the Africans, 75 patients (21%) were from Somalia. The age distribution for all patients showed a double peak (20�C40 and 70�C90?years). However, when the patients were divided into Swedish versus foreign-born groups, the age distribution was not bimodal (Fig.?1a). There was a single peak for each of the groups; 70�C90?years for patients born in Sweden (mean age 66.6, median 77?years), and 20�C40?years for the foreign-born patients (mean age 37.4, median 34?years; p?