Few Ideas About Transducin You Can Utilize Right Now

Over the years 2008�C2011 at ITM, we observed false-positive test lines for both a PfHRP2-detecting and a Pf-pLDH-detecting three-band RDT product in 0.4% of samples when using PCR as the reference method (results not published). There was an additional 0.8% of false-positive PfHRP2 lines, which may in part be explained by PfHRP2 persistence after a past P.?falciparum infection: PfHRP2 can persist in the blood for up to several weeks after successful treatment due to a low clearance [13]. False-positive RDT results in patients with no recent history of malaria have been observed in patients with other infections (e.g. dengue, hepatitis C, Transducin toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis and schistosomiasis) or with circulating immunological factors (e.g. rheumatoid factor and anti-nuclear antibodies) [7, 25, 26]. Rapid diagnostic tests are not designed to give an indication of parasite density. A statistically positive correlation between RDT line intensity and parasite density has been observed but there was overlap between the line intensity categories (faint, weak, medium and strong) [6, 7, 9]. For example, although strong PfHRP2 line intensities mainly occurred at parasite densities >100/��L, they were also present at lower parasite densities as well as in samples with pure gametocytemia [6, 9]. The presence of a single PfHRP2 test line was almost exclusively selleck products found at low (Staurosporine molecular weight traced to inadequacies in the RDTs' instructions for use and further study revealed multiple shortcomings in packaging, labelling and instructions of many RDT products, including CE-labelled ones [3, 31]. Rapid diagnostic tests are not foolproof and errors may occur. Apart from the lower sensitivity at low parasite densities discussed above, there is the prozone effect: an absent or faint test line due to an excess of antigens blocking the binding sites of both detection and capture antibodies, hindering binding of the antigen-detection antibody-conjugate complex to the capture antibody, with failure of signal generation. PfHRP2-detecting but not Pf-pLDH-detecting test lines are affected by the prozone effect [32, 33].