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In addition to this, a large number of wild mammal species are known to be suitable hosts, either being involved in primary or secondary ��sylvatic�� lifecycles, or as accidental hosts due to spill-over from domestic transmission (Carmena and Cardona, 2014). Occasional spill-over may occur GPX5 wherever the parasite is present in dogs and livestock, and in some cases secondary cycles, involving wild mammals only, became established after anthropogenic introduction of the parasite, e.g. in Australia and possibly in eastern Africa (Jenkins and Morris, 2003; Kagendo et?al., 2014). However, sylvatic lifecycles, which are assumed to be primary, i.e. having existed before the domestication of livestock and the subsequent dispersal of their parasites, appear to be restricted to two regions. One is the temperate to subarctic part of the northern hemisphere, with wolves and various cervids (particularly moose) as hosts (Rausch, 1995; Nakao et?al., 2013b; Schurer et?al., 2013), the other is sub-Saharan Africa, from where many species of large wild carnivores and ungulates have been recorded as hosts (Macpherson and Wachira, 1997; H��ttner and Romig, buy Vorinostat 2009). Here we report the presence of E.?equinus in lions, black-backed jackals and plains zebras in northern Namibia. We think the transmission of the parasite in this region to be a genuine sylvatic lifecycle �C without any involvement of domesticated animals �C because domestic dogs, horses or donkeys are not present in the park or in the vicinity, and movement of animals in or out of the park is restricted by fencing. The small sample size of each animal species examined does not allow reliable prevalence estimates, but the high proportions of infection confirmed in lions (four of six) and zebras (eleven of twelve) strongly suggest a stable endemic presence of E.?equinus in this ecosystem. Four of the twelve zebras harboured fertile cysts, but these cysts were small (mean diameter 4.2?cm). A large number of cysts were sterile (n?=?12), and calcified cysts were also present, ranging in size from selleck compound horses, all of which contained large, fertile cysts; small sterile or degenerated cysts were present in an additional three horses, but these cysts were identified as E.?granulosus s.s. (Varcasia et?al., 2008). Our cyst size and fertility data also contrast with infection data from Tunisian donkeys, whose cysts were invariably fertile whether belonging to E.?equinus (n?=?22) or E.?granulosus s.s. (n?=?13) (Boufana et?al., 2014). The parasite was completely absent in six oryx from the same area, a species, which is often seen grazing in mixed groups with zebras.