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In 2002, NIAAA published the findings of the Task Force in A Call to Action: Changing the Culture of Drinking at U.S. Colleges, which described a four-tier system delineating the efficacy and effectiveness of different approaches in reducing alcohol use by college students, with Tier 1 having the greatest scientific support and Tier 4 having the lowest. Individual-focused prevention approaches geared toward changing the drinking behaviors of individual DNA Damage inhibitor students, including BMIs and expectancy challenge, predominantly occupied Tier 1, whereas environmental approaches designed to alter the context in which drinking occurred, such as increased enforcement of the MLDA, mostly occupied Tier 2. Purely educational approaches were assigned to Tier 4. These recommendations were largely based on two literature reviews compiled by Larimer and Cronce (2002) and Toomey and Wagenaar (2002), which along with reports by other members of the task force were published in a special supplement of JSA made available to the public via www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov. Along with dissemination of the report and supporting scientific bepotastine review articles on the website, copies of the task force report were mailed to college presidents at institutions across the United States. Also part of the task force report, and published in a separate issue of JSA in 2002, was a study by Hingson et al., quantifying the morbidity and mortality of alcohol use among college students ages 18�C24. This report estimated that approximately 1,400 college students lost their life to alcohol-related causes each year, and another 500,000 were injured while under the influence of alcohol. These numbers garnered the attention of the popular media, appearing in articles published beginning Y-27632 cell line the second week of April 2002, in outlets including The New York Times, CNN, the San Francisco Chronicle, USA Today, and Fox News. The national spotlight on college drinking cast by the NIAAA Task Force report (and the accompanying articles in JSA) was instantly magnified by the media coverage of Hingson and colleagues�� statistics. Building on the report of the task force, NIAAA implemented the Rapid Response to College Drinking Problems initiative in 2002. This unique mechanism paired teams of experienced alcohol research scientists with campuses experiencing an urgent alcohol-related problem, allowing for the swift implementation and evaluation of evidence-based approaches to reduce alcohol use and consequences. Ultimately, 5 teams of scientists and 15 campus intervention sites were funded through this mechanism. Results of eight of these interventions were reported in a special issue of JSAD (DeJong et al., 2009). Results provided support for in-person individual BMIs in a campus health setting (Schaus et al.