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The ESAC project was supported by a grant from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC; Grant Agreement 2007/001). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. The information contained in this publication does not necessarily reflect VE-822 mw the opinion of ECDC. ""Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Mannose binding lectin (MBL2) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor that is key to generating innate immune responses to invasive infection, including against the cardinal Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. Individuals homozygous or heterozygous for any of three variant alleles of MBL2 (O/O or A/O genotypes) have deficient concentrations of MBL2 in circulating blood, but previous studies linking MBL deficiency to susceptibility to meningococcal disease have not revealed a consistent association. We genotyped 741 patients with microbiologically �C proven meningococcal Suplatast tosilate disease and correlated MBL2 genotype with plasma bacterial load of N.?meningitidis with blood samples taken during hospital admission. We show that individuals with genotypes compatible with MBL2 deficiency have higher measurable levels of bacterial plasma genomic load with the greatest effect seen in children selleck chemicals supports innate immune defence against meningococcal disease in the early months of life, before acquired immunity is sufficiently robust for effective natural protection. ""This study was aimed at establishing the genetic heterogeneity of influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) gene quasi-species and the polymorphisms at codon?222, by application of ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) to respiratory samples from patients hospitalized for influenza?A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, presenting with severe or moderate�Cmild disease.