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Prior to inclusion in this study, all participants provided their written informed consent, and completed a health history questionnaire and physical examination performed by a qualified medical staff member at Penn State's Clinical Research Center. All participants reported no history of cardiovascular, metabolic (e.g., diabetes), or neurological disease. All participants were nonsmokers, nonobese (body mass index GW786034 research buy testing Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined as the peak rate of pulmonary oxygen consumption (VO2peak; TrueMax 2400, Parvo Medics, Sandy, Utah) measured during a modified Balke treadmill test performed HSP inhibitor until volitional fatigue. After a 2�\min warm up at 2.5 mph, the speed of the treadmill was adjusted to elicit a heart rate that was ~75% of each subject's age�\predicted maximum (Tanaka et al. 2001). Afterward, the incline of the treadmill was increased by 2.5% every 2 min. VO2peak was determined as the highest 30�\sec average achieved during the test. Body composition Whole�\body and regional measures of total mass and lean (fat�\free minus bone) mass were estimated using dual�\energy x�\ray absorptiometry (DEXA; model QDR 4500W, Hologic, Waltham, MA). Estimates of left leg (i.e., the experimental limb) tissue Adenosine masses were derived from the entire width and length of the lower limb beginning at a cut�\point located mid�\way along the femoral neck. Experimental Protocol General procedures Experimental measurements were performed on a separate day from cardiorespiratory fitness testing. Testing in young women was performed between days 1 and 7 of the menstrual cycle to minimize potential variability resulting from fluctuations in circulating estrogen and progesterone. All measurements were performed with participants seated in a semi�\recumbent (~60�� from horizontal) position. Throughout the study protocol, beat�\to�\beat blood pressure was collected continuously by means of finger photoplethysmography (Finometer Midi, Finapres Medical Systems, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) with the hand positioned at the heart level. Prior to carotid artery baroreceptor loading, participants sat quietly for a 10�C15�\min rest period to allow cardiovascular and hemodynamic variables to achieve a steady baseline. Resting values of heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and femoral artery blood flow (FBF) and vascular conductance (FVC) were determined from the average of a continuous 2�\min segment at the end of this baseline period.