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1A)1A) and no complications occurred. Electrophysiologic catheters were placed as demonstrated in Fig.?Fig.1B.1B. Long-term follow up of all patients (16�C28?months poststimulation) has shown no late complication following SGS. Figure 1 Stimulation and Recording Electrode Set Up. (A) Antero-posterior (AP) fluoroscopic view of the lower cervical and upper thoracic region, depicting the approach and positioning of the introducer needle and learn more StimuCath electrode for stellate ganglion stimulation. ... Hemodynamic and intracardiac conduction responses to SGS Stimulation was initiated at 5?Hz and 5?mA for 20�C60?sec, and was confirmed by the appearance of stimulation artifact saturating the electrocardiographic and intracardiac electrogram channels (Fig.?(Fig.2A).2A). The frequency and output were increased gradually after a brief poststimulation see more reequilibration period (1�C5?min), until a hemodynamic response occurred (��10% increase in mean arterial pressure) (Fig.?(Fig.2A).2A). Stimulation parameters at which this hemodynamic response occurred are listed in Table?Table1.1. The intention was low-level SGS, therefore, stimulation parameters were not increased further. Table 1 Study subject demographics and stimulation parameters Figure 2 Hemodynamic and Electrophysiologic Response to Sympathetic Stimulation. (A) Representative electrocardiographic, electrogram, and hemodynamic responses to left stellate ganglion stimulation (SGS). (B) An example of ARI measurement from electrogram at ... SGS increased systolic blood pressure (120.8?��?5.3 Adenylyl cyclase mmHg vs. 144.4?��?9.2?mmHg, P?