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021?��?10?6?m3?mol?1 at 10?��C) and RH is the relative humidity of the air (%). Photosynthetic activity was measured, and related to WC, as the maximal (dark-adapted) photochemical quantum yield through PSII, that is, the ratio of the variable (Fv) to maximal (Fm) chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm), measured with a PAM-2000 fluorometer (H. Walz, Effeltrich, Germany) under varying ��air. The maximal potential activity at equilibrium after full hydration by rain (liquid water) was followed during the desiccation and equilibration of lichen thalli to ��air of ?2.1, ?5.5, ?11.2, ?23.2 and ?68.5?MPa (at T?=?10?��C in combination with an RH of 98.4, 95.9, 91.8, 83.7 and 59.2%, respectively) (ibid). RH and T were adjusted in a flow-through gas exchange system (Compact Minicuvette System 400, gas mixing unit GMA1 and cuvette GK-022, H. Walz), and the resulting WCs ranged from 100 to nearly PRDX4 0% (Fig.?2). The maximal potential equilibrium activity at varying ��air without previous hydration with liquid water, that is, under humid air conditions, was followed during hydration of dry thalli Bleomycin in vitro under the same controlled conditions as for hydration with water (see above) (Fig.?2, Table?2). Activation kinetics were followed after hydration with liquid water, and activation kinetics after hydration with humid air were assumed to be the same as those observed following hydration by liquid water. The acquired data were subsequently used to parameterize (through least square regression fits) the following model constants: rehydration rate (kreh) (hereafter referred to as hydration rate), desiccation rate (kdes), maximal potential activity (Apot) at equilibrium with ambient WC in rain or humid air and activation rate (ka) (Table?1). Because P. glauca and L. amplissima were activated extremely rapidly, few data Angiogenesis inhibitor were generated during their reactivation periods, so non-significant relationships were obtained for ka of these species, but this has minimal effect on the outcome of the modelling results in this study. The in situ conductivity data obtained from the P. norvegica measurements were converted to WC time series as follows. The conductivity was linearized between fully hydrated (100% WC?=?WCmax) and desiccated thalli (0% WC) as previously described (Palmqvist & Sundberg 2000; Jonsson et?al. 2008). Because rainfall may create a transient water film on the thallus surface and short-circuit its conductivity, data were ��de-spiked�� before extracting WCmax. Because technical noise averaged c. 3% WC, lichens were assumed to be dry for WC?
