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As the evidence mounted for the efficacy of specific individual-focused interventions, exploration of moderators and mediators of treatment effect gained speed. A host of individual difference variables bepotastine have been tested as potential moderators, including gender, high-risk drinking status, drinking motives, and personality differences, although no individual moderator has consistently emerged as significant. In terms of potential mediators, normative reeducation was a key component in two of the three Tier I programs listed in the 2002 NIAAA Task Force report and emerged as an efficacious stand-alone approach (i.e., personalized normative feedback) in the update by Larimer and Cronce in 2007. As such, changes in normative perceptions were the focus of a wealth of research, which overwhelmingly demonstrated the mediating Y-27632 in vivo role of correcting normative perceptions in decreasing alcohol use (e.g., Borsari and Carey, 2000; Doumas et al., 2009; Neighbors et al., 2006; Turrisi et al., 2009; Walters et al., 2007; Wood et al., 2007). The specificity of the normative referent group was also found to have a mediating role (e.g., Lewis and Neighbors, 2007). Motivational enhancement and alcohol-specific skill building were also critical components of the Tier I approaches, and there was substantial evidence suggesting the relevance of readiness to change and use of protective behavioral strategies to drinking. Some studies have shown support for the mediating role of these variables (e.g., readiness to change: Barnett et al., 2010; protective behavioral strategies: Barnett et al., 2007; Larimer et al., 2007) and others have not (e.g., readiness to change: Borsari et al., 2009; Wood et al., 2007). In 2011, NIAAA commissioned yet another update of the literature on individual college www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD2281(Olaparib).html drinking prevention for Alcohol Research and Health. Cronce and Larimer (2011) identified 36 randomized controlled trials evaluating 56 unique interventions designed to decrease college drinking and/or related negative consequences. Overall findings were consistent with Larimer and Cronce (2002, 2007); however, the again exponential expansion of research allowed for greater exploration of web-based (and other technology-based) programs versus in-person programs. Overall, personalized feedback interventions, patterned after the feedback offered as part of BASICS, were effective in reducing drinking; however, the changing nature of web-based materials and programs was noted as an area for concern, especially for commercial-based programs for which frequent version updates are the norm and little is known (or tested empirically) about variation in efficacy between versions. Discussion Collectively, the research on college student drinking over the past 75 years has helped reduce individual and societal harms, but much work remains.