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Of note, non-indexed RV parameters were higher in our study compared with the JAMP Study11 and slightly lower to those reported by Maffessanti et al.16 Left atrial size LA volume is a validated marker of clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease.17 LA diameters and volumes often refer to indexed values for body size, but little is known about the potential influence of gender.18,19 Our results showed significantly different LA size and volumes between men and women, but these differences did no longer persist after indexing for body size regardless of the method used to calculate them. Only, the indexed LA diameter (parasternal long-axis) and single-plane area (apical 4-chamber) remained different and paradoxically higher in women, suggesting that the complexity of LA shape is underappreciated by these approaches. Our data suggest that for LA volumes there is less need for checking for age-gender-specific references. Indeed, see more LA volume did not correlate with age. Importantly, the upper LA volume reference limits GDC-0449 molecular weight for defining an enlarged LA were larger than the currently recommended cut-off values, which were derived from population studies.20 Of note, and as shown previously, the area-length method yielded systematically larger values compared with the Simpson method (PQuinapyramine recommended methods to assess RA size, while RA volume computation is not included in routine clinical echocardiography due to the lack of reference data.24 Consistent with previous data, our results showed significantly different RA volumes between men and women even after indexing for body surface area, suggesting the need for gender-specific reference values.19,24 Of note, RA volume did not correlate with age. Thus, indexation of RA volume for age is not mandatory. As for LA, RA volumes were lower than 3D derived values.19,24 However, our upper references limits for RA diameters for defining an enlarged RA were close to current recommended cut-off values.14 Of note, as for LA, the single-plane area-length method provided larger values than the biplane discs' summation method (P