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Univariate biometric model fitting was conducted to partition the variation into additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C) and unique environmental (E) influences, and to test for quantitative sex differences in the genetic and environmental contributions to gambling involvement. Quantitative sex differences refer to differences in the magnitude of genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental influences on a phenotype. Evidence for quantitative sex differences was tested by comparing the fits of models that allowed parameter estimates for men and women to vary with the tuclazepam fits of models that constrained estimates to be the same. Separate models for each gambling phenotype were constructed employing data from only same-sex twins (following from the previous paper [5]) and data from both same- and unlike-sex twins. None of the MZ twin correlations were significantly larger than the corresponding DZ correlations, indicating limited or no genetic influences on gambling participation (see Table?2). None of the unlike-sex DZ correlations were significantly lower than the corresponding same-sex DZ correlations, indicating no qualitative sex differences in the genetic and/or environmental contributions to gambling involvement (Table?2). Additive genetic influences could be dropped from both models without a significant decrement in fit (any gambling: ����2?=?0.003, d.f.?=?1, buy XAV-939 P?=?0.96; activity count: ����2?=?0.00, d.f.?=?1, P?=?1.00); check details however, shared environmental influences could not be dropped (any gambling: ����2?=?6.48, d.f.?=?1, P?=?0.01; activity count: ����2?=?11.64, d.f.?=?1, P?