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The sources of all the data are given in the figure caption. It is evident that the points for the synthetic preparations mostly fall to the Si-rich side of the lines that represent the C-A-S-H that forms in real cements, with a few data points falling essentially on the lines. The data for the latter points can therefore be taken to best reflect the material that forms in real cements. The fact that most of the data for the synthetic preparations fall to the right of the lines suggests that the amount of Al that is incorporated into the C-A-S-H in real cements represents a practical maximum and that the synthetic preparations of most studies cannot be taken to represent the C-A-S-H that forms in real cements. Figure 18 Plot of Al/Ca against Si/Ca ratio for C-A-S-H(I) preparations. The data are from Faucon, Petit et al. (1999 ?) (unfilled diamond); Faucon, Delagrave et al. (1999 ?) (filled diamond); Sun et al. (2006 Duvelisib research buy ?) (unfilled and filled triangles ... It was noted in ��3 that Al substitutes for Si only at bridging sites and that the site occupancy factors for Si and Al at the bridging site can be calculated using equations (11) and (12). The models developed in ��5 can therefore be extended easily to incorporate Al. Since occupied bridging sites only occur in the T�� modules of the model structures, Al that is in fourfold coordination must be restricted to those parts of the structures. Consideration of Taylor et al.��s (2010 ?) data for C-A-S-H that is present Selleckchem Bleomycin in 20-year-old water-activated blast-furnace slag/Portland cement blends indicates that f = in every T�� module in all of the model structures and so it would seem plausible that the tetrahedral bridging sites are occupied alternately by Al and Si atoms. The substitution of Al3+ for Si4+ necessitates the presence of additional interlayer ions to maintain charge balance, either monovalent alkali or Ca2+ cations, which are represented by the contents of the round brackets in formula (1); the exact location of these particular ions in the model structures requires further work. 8.?Summary and conclusions ? New structural�Cchemical formulae are presented for both single- and double-chain tobermorite-based phases that allow for the presence of vacant tetrahedral PRDX4 sites and substituent ions. Equations are provided that can be used to calculate a number of useful quantities from 29Si MAS NMR data, including the fractions of tetrahedral sites that are occupied by Si or Al, or that are vacant. Chemical and structural data for C-S-H(I) preparations from the literature are collated. The data are consistent with the view that C-S-H(I) which has a Ca/Si ratio