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This study documents a significant increasing trend of levofloxacin non-susceptibility among S.�pneumoniae isolates at NTUH. These results may not represent the situation in the whole of Taiwan however, and continued surveillance of levofloxacin resistance in S.�pneumoniae is needed. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Council, Taiwan and Wyeth-Ayerst (Asia) Ltd, Taiwan branch. The authors declare that they have no conflicting interests in relation to this work. ""A potential relationship between postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) and surgical site infection (SSI) following posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation (PSFI) was investigated. A retrospective review was performed of prospectively collected demographic, clinical and microbiological data of 466 consecutive Otenabant patients (median age, 53.7?years (interquartile range (IQR)?33.8�C65.6); 58.6% women) undergoing PSFI to identify those with UTI in the first 4?weeks and SSI in the first 12?weeks after PSFI. Overall, 40.8% had an American Society of Anesthesiologists score of >2, and 49.8% had undergone fusion of more than three segments. Eighty-nine patients had UTI, 54 had SSI, and 22 had both conditions. In nine of the 22 (38%) cases, the two infections were caused by the same microorganism. Mdm2 inhibitor The urinary tract was the probable source of SSI by Gram-negative bacteria in 38% (8/21) of cases. On multivariate Ribociclib clinical trial analysis, UTI (OR?3.1, 95%?CI?1.6�C6.1; P?0.001) and instrumentation of more than three segments (OR?2.7, 95%?CI?1.1�C6.3; P?0.024) were statistically associated with SSI. Patients receiving ciprofloxacin for UTI had higher microbial resistance rates to fluoroquinolones at SSIs (46.13%) than those without ciprofloxacin (21.9%), although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p?0.1). In our series, UTI was significantly associated with SSI after PSFI. On the basis of our results, we conclude that further efforts to reduce the incidence of postoperative UTI and provide adequate empirical antibiotic therapy that avoids quinolones whenever possible may help to reduce SSI rates and potential microbial resistance. ""Surgery and antifungals are the reference standard for rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) treatment. The impact of local control on survival of 22 consecutive ROCM adults was studied on day 90: none vs. 75% died, respectively, with or without local control (p