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Participants were recruited during 2001�C06 for the Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GOS); a cohort originally established to investigate the epidemiology of osteoporosis in men. The population characteristics of the BSD have been shown as comparable with national level.27 The initial sample totalled 1,540 men (aged 20�C93 years, participation 67%).27 From a potential pool of 967 men who had participated in the GOS 5-year follow up study 2007�C11 (participation 81%), n=50 participants had not completed the Australian WHOQOL-BREF selleck chemicals llc and were excluded from analyses, leaving the final number for analysis at 917 (age range 24�C92 years). The Barwon Health Human Research and Ethics Committee approved the study and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. To measure quality of life, we employed the WHOQOL-BREF (Australian version), a subset of the WHOQOL-100 assessment tool that has been shown as comprehensive, subjective, relative, and culturally relevant from the participants' perspectives.28 Four domains are included in the WHOQOL-BREF: physical health (facets include selleck chemicals pain and discomfort; dependence of medical treatment; energy and fatigue; mobility; sleep and rest; activities of daily living; and work capacity), psychological health (facets include positive and negative affect; spirituality; thinking and concentration; body image and appearance; and self-esteem), social relationships (facets include personal relationships; sexual activity; social support), and environment (facets include physical safety and security; pollution and traffic; financial resources; opportunities to acquire new skills; participation in recreation activities; home environment; diglyceride access to quality health and social care; and transportation). The WHOQOL-BREF has been widely field-tested and validated by further studies,28 and shown to have excellent test-retest reliability at